Analysis of columns with sheardeformation using finite element method and equivalent distributedloads

En este trabajo se aplica un procedimiento basado en el concepto de Acción Repartida Equivalente (ARE) al análisis, por el Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) formulado en desplazamientos y solución nodal exacta, de pilares con deformación por cortante de acuerdo con la teoría de Timoshenko. Los resultados obtenidos con la metodología ARE-MEF, en los casos analizados, ponen de manifiesto que con un número muy reducido de elementos (uno y dos en los ejemplos desarrollados) se alcanza gran exactitud en desplazamientos, giros y esfuerzos. Sin embargo con otras metodologías formuladas en desplazamientos, como por ejemplo la de integración reducida, se requiere del orden de 40 elementos para alcanzar resultados similares. Asimismo en el presente trabajo, a partir del MEF con solución nodal exacta se determinan de una forma directa y sistemática las funciones de estabilidad y la carga de pandeo para el pilar de Timoshenko.This paper describes a procedure based on the concept of Equivalent Distributed Loads (EDL) applied to the Finite Elements Method (FEM) based on displacements and exact nodal solution of columns subject to shear deformation in accordance with the Timoshenko beam theory. The results obtained using this “EDL-FEM” methodology, in the cases studied, show that a high level of exactness in displacements, rotations as well as shear force and bending moment is obtained with a very small number of elements (one or two in the examples developed). Other methodologies based on displacements, such as reduced integration, require on the order of 40 elements to achieve similar results. The stability functions and buckling load for the Timoshenko beam are also determined in a direct and systematic way from the FEM with exact nodal solution.Peer Reviewe

Constant probe orientation for fast contact-based inspection of 3D free-form surfaces using (3+2)-axis inspection machines

A new probe optimization method for contact based (3+2)-axis inspection machines is proposed. Given an inspection path of a stylus on a free-form surface, an optimal orientation of the stylus is computed such that (i) the inclination angle of the stylus is within a given angular range with respect to the surface normal, (ii) the motion of the stylus is globally collision free, and (iii) the stylus remains constant in the coordinate system of the measuring machine. The last condition guarantees that the inspection motion requires only the involvement of the three translational axes of the measuring machine. The numerical simulations were validated through physical experiments on a testcase of a tooth of a bevel gear due to the surface complexity and probe accessibility. This optimized method was compared to 3-axis and 5-axis inspection strategies, showing that the fixed (3+2)-axis stylus returns more accurate inspection results compared to the traditional 3-axis approach and similar to 5-axis approach

An empirical and modelling approach to the evaluation of cruise ships' influence on air quality: The case of La Paz, Mexico

Maritime activity has diverse environmental consequences impacts in port areas, especially for air quality, and the post-COVID-19 cruise tourism market's potential to recover and grow is causing new environmental concerns in expanding port cities. This research proposes an empirical and modelling approach for the evaluation of cruise ships' influence on air quality concerning NO2 and SO2 in the city of La Paz (Mexico) using indirect measurements. EPA emission factors and the AERMOD modelling system coupled to WRF were used to model dispersions, while street-level mobile monitoring data of air quality from two days of 2018 were used and processed using a radial base function interpolator. The local differential Moran's Index was estimated at the intersection level using both datasets and a co-location clustering analysis was performed to address spatial constancy and to identify the pollution levels. The modelled results showed that cruise ships' impact on air quality had maximum values of 13.66 µg/m3 for NO2 and 15.71 µg/m3 for SO2, while background concentrations of 8.80 for NOx and 0.05 for SOx (µg/m3) were found by analysing the LISA index values for intersections not influenced by port pollution. This paper brings insights to the use of hybrid methodologies as an approach to studying the influence of multiple-source pollutants on air quality in contexts totally devoid of environmental data.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Phaseolus acutifolius ASSOCIATED WITH Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AND Azospirillum halopraeferens UNDER SALINITY CONDITIONS

Salinity-tolerant plants offer hope for the future of agriculture by providing solutions to the problems caused by years. Sonora is the most arid Mexican state. The agroindustrial halophytes are an option in dry-arid zones agriculture. In the present study, we evaluated the growth and development under different salinity and field conditions, of two beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) genotypes: Indio Yumi, and Navojoa. Seeds were inoculated with plant growth promoting halobacteria, a previously selected and cultivated strain of Azospirillum halopraeferens and a native Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Significant differences were observed among them for weight and biomass, as well as biochemical features between the analyzed plant parts. Our findings suggest that a potential yield enhancement and protein production under field conditions can be promoted by the application of the beneficial bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens and A. halopraeferens. Also, demonstrated the ability of the studied beneficial halobacteria to promote growth and yield of the halotolerant Phaseolus acutifolius, a potentially useful finding for the agricultural growers in dry and semiarid zones

Elementos finitos con acciones repartidas equivalentes de cualquier orden. Aplicación a los modelos de vigas de Timoshenko y Bernoulli-Euler

In the context of the Finite Element Method, two possible alternatives dealing with the concept of equivalent distributed load are presented in the paper. The first consist in using few finite elements, by slightly increasing the order of the load, while the second applies the use of a greater number of elements leaving the load in the lowest possible order. Both situations are sampled with application to the Timoshenko and Bernoulli-Euler beam models, with different orders of load are used. These equivalent distributed loads are the result of applying Legendre orthogonal polynomial approximations, to the original load, in each element. The most noteworthy conclusion is that when the least possible number of finite elements is used (i.e., one) also for considering low level of regularity load cases only equivalent distributed loads of slightly higher than minimum order (four) were needed to obtain an excellent approximation when computing the deflections, rotations, bending moments and shear forces inside the elements.En este trabajo se introducen, en el contexto del Método de Elementos Finitos, dos alternativas posibles en relación con el concepto de acción repartida equivalente. La primera consiste en emplear pocos elementos, elevando el orden de dicha acción, mientras que la segunda se basa en emplear un mayor número de elementos dejando la acción en el orden más bajo posible. Se ilustran ambas situaciones mediante aplicaciones a los modelos de vigas de Timoshenko y Bernoulli-Euler, empleando estas acciones con diferentes órdenes, las cuales aproximan a la acción original, mediante polinomios ortogonales de Legendre en cada elemento. Como conclusión destacable, se indica que cuando se considera el menor número posible de elementos, es decir uno, para los casos de carga poco regular, ha bastado con utilizar acciones repartidas equivalentes de orden ligeramente superior al mínimo (orden cuatro), para obtener una excelente aproximación en los desplazamientos, giros y esfuerzos en el interior de los elementos

AGRONOMIC EVALUATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN STAR GRASS (Cynodon plectostachyus) IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF THE STATE OF MEXICO

African Star Grass is one of the forage resources most commonly used by farmers in regions with warm-humid climates. This study was carried out to determine the nutritional and agronomic characteristics of African Star Grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) through the following variables: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), organic matter digestibility (OMD), net forage accumulation (NFA), stem:leaf ratio, and live:dead matter ratio in the three pastures evaluated. The work took place from April 2007 to March 2008, with evaluations carried out on a monthly basis. The data were analyzed in a randomized block design in which the blocks were the pastures, and the treatments were the months of evaluation. There were no differences between the pastures evaluated for the NDF, ADF or OMD (P>0.05). Differences were found, however, in CP, while in the monthly evaluation, differences were found between the periods evaluated (P<0.05) for these variables. Differences were also found in the agronomic evaluation of pastures (P<0.05) among height of pasture, net forage accumulation (NFA), live matter, dead matter, leaf and stem, both among pastures and in the monthly evaluations. African Star Grass can therefore be considered a good choice for milk production systems in the southern region of the state of Mexico, due to its nutritional and agronomic characteristics

Synthesis of compositionally graded nanocast NiO/NiCo2O4/Co3O4 mesoporous composites with tuneable magnetic properties

A series of mesoporous NiO/NiCo2O4/Co3O4 composites has been synthesized by nanocasting using SBA-15 silica as a hard template. The evaporation method was used as the impregnation step. Nickel and cobalt nitrates in different Ni(II) : Co(II) molar ratios were dissolved in ethanol and used as precursors. The composites show variable degrees of order, from randomly organized nanorods to highly ordered hexagonally-packed nanowires as the Ni(II) : Co(II) molar ratio decreases. The materials exhibit moderately large surface areas in the 60-80 m2 g−1 range. Their magnetic properties, saturation magnetization (MS) and coercivity (HC), can be easily tuned given the ferrimagnetic (NiCo2O4) and antiferromagnetic (NiO and Co3O4) character of the constituents. Moreover, the NiCo2O4 rich materials are magnetic at room temperature and consequently can be easily manipulated by small magnets. Owing to their appealing combination of properties, the nanocomposites are expected to be attractive for myriad applications

Fault diagnosis in industrial process by using LSTM and an elastic net

[EN] Fault diagnosis is important for industrial processes because it permits to determine the necessity of emergency stops in a process and/or to propose a maintenance plan. Two strategies for fault diagnosis are compared in this work. On the one hand, the data are preprocessed using the independent components analysis for dimension reduction, then the wavelet transform is used in order to highlight the faulty signals, with this information an artificial neural network was fed. On the other hand, the second strategy, the main contribution of this work, is the implementation of a long short term memory. This memory is fed with the most representative variables selected by an elastic net to use both, the L1 and L2 norms. These strategies are applied in the Tennessee Eastman process, a benchmark widely used for fault diagnosis. The fault isolation had better results than those reported in the literature.[ES] El diagnóstico de fallas es importante en los procesos industriales, ya que permite determinar si es necesario detener el proceso en operación y/o proponer un plan de mantenimiento. En el presente trabajo se comparan dos estrategias para diagnosticar fallas. La primera realiza un preprocesamiento de datos usando el análisis de componentes independientes para reducir la dimensión de los datos, posteriormente, se emplea la transformada wavelet para resaltar las señales de falla, con esta información se alimenta una red neuronal artificial. Por su parte, la segunda estrategia, principal contribución de este trabajo, usa una memoria de corto y largo plazo. Esta memoria es alimentada por las variables más significativas seleccionadas mediante una red elástica para usar tanto la norma $L_1$ como la $L_2$. Como ejemplo de aplicación se utilizó el proceso químico Tennessee Eastman, un proceso ampliamente usado en el diagnóstico de fallas. El aislamiento de fallas mostró mejores resultados con respecto a los reportados en la literatura.Márquez-Vera, MA.; López-Ortega, O.; Ramos-Velasco, LE.; Ortega-Mendoza, RM.; Fernández-Neri, BJ.; Zúñiga-Peña, NS. (2021). Diagnóstico de fallas mediante una LSTM y una red elástica. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 18(2):164-175. https://doi.org/10.4995/riai.2020.13611OJS164175182Adewole, A., Tzoneva, R., Behardien, S., 2016. Distribution network fault section identification and fault location using wavelet entropy and neural networks. Applied Soft Computing 46, 296-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.05.013Alkaya, A., Eker, I., 2011. Variance sensitive adaptive threshold-based PCA method for fault detection with experimental application. 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The BIOMEX experiment on-board the International Space Station: limits of life and detection of biomarkers after exposure to space- and to Mars-like conditions

To explore the limits of terrestrial life in space, we have to understand the effects of the space environment on unprotected biological and chemical material, and on the degradation of organic molecules or biomarkers. The exposure platform EXPOSE-R2 on the ISS offer a suitable facility for the exposure of samples of the astrobiological model lichen Circinaria gyrosa, included in the BIOMEX experiment (Biology and Mars Experiment, ESA). During 18 months (2014-2016), the lichens lived in a latent state at space and at simulated Mars-like conditions, to study Mars’ habitability and resistance to space conditions. After the return of the samples in June 2016, initial analysis showed rapid recovery of photosystem II (PSII) activity in the samples exposed exclusively to space vacuum and to Mars-like atmosphere. In contrast, the samples directly exposed to solar UV radiation showed a slow and a lower recovery, in reference to their observed original activity. This tendency was corroborated with the complementary morphological/ultrastructural and biomolecular analyses. Complementary, the biogeochemical variations have been examined with Raman spectroscopy to assess the possible degradation of cell surfaces and pigments which were in contact with terrestrial rocks, and Martian analogue regolith. Identification of the biomarker whewellite (calcium oxalate) and other organic compounds and mineral products of the biological activity of Circinaria gyrosa were detected by Raman Laser. These findings contribute to answer questions on the habitability of Mars, the likelihood of the Lithopanspermia Hypothesis, the capability to detect biomolecules exposed to an extraterrestrial environment by life-detection instruments and will be of relevance for planetary protection issues